SUN VALLEY COMMUNITY PROFILE
I. Introduction
Along the west service road, there resides a subdivision called Barangay Sun Valley. This barangay is considered home to an estimated number of more than 45,000 citizens. It is strategically located near infrastructures like SM Bicutan, and also has many schools, churches, health clinics, and convenience stores within the vicinity, thus making it a suitable and advantageous residential area. Sun Valley is considered a supreme area for urban development, and through the years has developed into a growing and developing community.
Sun Valley has indeed prospered, but is still currently facing many unresolved problems and issues. These include the rise of informal settlers in the area and the aggravating traffic by the west service road. This community profile aims to make others aware of the current situation in Sun Valley, so that barangay officers, the local government, and the community itself can work together and cooperate with one another in order to properly address these issues.
II. Aspects of the Community
A. Ecological Aspects
- Sun Valley is a 177.75 hectare subdivision located in Bicutan, Paranaque. It is composed of 15 subdivisions or villages, namely Annex 41 and Annex 45 Subdivision, Countryside Villa Phases 1 to 5, Executive Heights Subdivision, Happy Glen Loop, Lion’s Park, Marimar Village 1 & 2, Manville Subdivision, Montevilla Subdivision, Sun Valley Subdivision, Parkview Homes Subdivision, Ramos Compound, Road 32, St. Louis Compound and Sta. Ana Village. It is also composed of 14 depressed areas or puroks, namely Brotherhood Compound, Sta. Niño de Cul de Sac, Cul de Sac Rotonda, Cherry East Block 1 to 5, Purok Manggahan, Purok Camachile, Lower Sta. Ana Zone 1 to 6, Sapang Maligaya, Purok Katorse, Riverside, Villa Paraiso, Sitio Bagong Pag-Asa, Bukid Area, and Camachile. Sun Valley is bounded by Edison Avenue, Doña Soledad Avenue, and the Metro Manila Skyway. It is also bounded by Baragay Merville, Barangay San Martin de Porro, and Barangay Don Bosco. From it’s main road Sun Valley Drive, it is 1.4 kilometers away from SM Bicutan. It is also located along the west service road, the same road as Toyota Bicutan Branch and Zuellig Pharma. Based on Google Maps, the type of houses in the area are mostly roofed and made of concrete or cement.
- Majority of those living in subdivisions belong to the Sun Valley Subdivision, which has an estimated number of 900 households. Coming next is the Parkview Homes Subdivision, which consists of an estimated number of 700 households. Annex 41, Countryside Villa Phases 1 to 5 and Executive Heights all have an estimated number of 250 households, while Sta. Ana Village and Marimar Village 1 & 2 come close with 230 households. The rest of the aforementioned subdivisions and villages have an estimated number of 200 households and below. Meanwhile for those living in depressed areas, majority of them belong to Villa Paraiso, which has an estimated number of 1,089 households, followed by Cul de Sac which has an estimated number of 1,000 households. Coming next is Camachile, which is composed of 400 households, then the Bukid Area, which is composed of 320 households, followed by Lower Sta. Ana Zone 1 with 315 households. Next are Riverside, Purok Cherry East, and Lower Sta. Ana Zone 2, with 280, 230, and 210 households, respectively. The rest of the aforementioned depressed areas or puroks have a estimated number of 110 households and below. Sun Valley is comprised of many people from different age groups, but most of them are part of the youth due to the presence of over nineteen youth organizations in the area. Sun Valley has male, female, and gay sectors. The people here have a low to medium income since it is said that Sun Valley is comprised of low to middle classes. The occupation of the people varies because of Sun Valley’s wide range of infrastructures like shopping malls, drugstores, schools, libraries, and many more. Educational attainment is high because the area has over thirteen private schools and three public libraries. The skills of the people, again, varies because of the area’s wide range of infrastructures. However, it is evident that some sectors are skilled athletically due to the presence of a basketball court, a tennis club, and over four gymnasiums. There are catholic and non-catholic religions in the area due to the presence of catholic and non-catholic institutions. Sun Valley mostly contains people from Paranaque and Metro Manila. The dialect they use is Filipino, though there are some who use English as well.
- There are over 17 churches in Sun Valley, 7 being catholic and 10 being non-catholic. The catholic churches in the area are Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Parish, Sto. Nino Chapel, Holy Family Chapel, Sacred Heart Chapel, Our Lady of Fatima Chapel, Sta. Cruz Chapel, and St. Joseph the Worker Chapel. Meanwhile, the non-catholic churches are Sun Valley Christian Church, Jesus the Gospel Ministry International, Jesus Is Lord Church, Jesus the Foundation Christian Fellowship, Jesus Christ the Savior Christian Fellowship, Jesus the Gospel, The Living Church, Baptist Church, Looking Unto Jesus Christian Church, and Chella Development School, Inc.
- As mentioned, the area has over thirteen schools. Seven of which offer private preparatory schools, one offers private preparatory and elementary school, four offer private elementary and high school, and one offers private preparatory, elementary and high school. The seven private preparatory schools are Mother of Divine Grace Learning Center, Sacred Hear School, Kids Play Camp Learning Center, STI Learning Center Bicutan, Child’s Haven School, Little Moppet School, and Chella Development School, Inc. The school offering both private preparatory and elementary school is St. Francis Possenti Tutorial & Learning School. The four schools offering both private elementary and high school are Christian Harvest Academy, Great Christian Academy, Sun Valley Montessori School, and Jesus the Gospel Christian Academy. Lastly, the school offering private preparatory, elementary, and high school is Gift of Advance Learning Montessori School. Furthermore, there are two Alternative Learning System (ALS) Training Centers located in Sun Valley Drive and IPC Cul de Sac.
- Sun Valley also has numerous parks and playgrounds, and they are situated in Sun Valley Subdivison, Countryside Villa Phases 1, 3, and 5, Parkview Homes Subdivision, Moonville Subdivision, Annex 41, Executive Heights Subdivision, Lower Sta. Ana, Riverside, Villa Paraiso, and IPC Sto. Nino. They also have four gymnasiums in the area, namely Avelino Tolentino Memorial Gym, Marimar Village Gym, Montevilla Gym, and Annex 41 Gym. Sun Valley also has six multi-purpose/recreational halls, and these are located in Lower Sta. Ana, Montevilla Subdivision, Villa Paraiso, Sto. Nino de Cul de Sac, Marimar Village 2, and Countryside Village Phase 1.
- There are also three public libraries located in Barangay Sun Valley, one in Sun Valley Drive, one in Sun Valley Annex, and one in Elizabeth Avenue.
- There is only one health center in Sun Valley, and that is the Barangay Sun Valley Health Center. However, there are over eleven clinics in the area, ten located along Sun Valley Drive and one located along Ramos Compound.
- The clinics in Sun Valley Drive are Pedia Clinic, Sun Dental Clinic, Sun Valley Dental Clinic, Dr. Bacani Dental Clinic, Dr. Preciosa Tanagon-Pintago Dental Clinic, Allan Julius Bugayon Dental Clinic, Victorio Y. Guzman Medical Clinic, Gerlanda Cruz Medical Clinic, Del Mundo Children’s and Medical Clinic, and Gerlando E. Cruz Medical Clinic. The clinic in Ramos Compound is Pintado Medical Clinic. Along with that, Sun Valley also has nine day care centers, namely, Sto. Niño Day Care Center, Holy Rosary Day Care Center, T. Relucio Day Care Center, Villa Paraiso Day Care Center, G. Bautista Day Care Center, St. Joseph Marimar 1 Day Care Center, Sta. Ana Day Care Center, Drugmakers Day Care Center, and Camachile Day Care Center.
- There are also five drugstores in the area, four are along Sun Valley Drive and one along the West Service Road. The drugstores located along Sun Valley Drive are Harlor Drugs, Botica Sun Valley, Signature Brands Corp. Pharmacy, and Class Drug. The drugstore located along the West Service Road is RVCJ Pharmacy.
- The markets in the area are situated in Sun Valley Drive and IPC Cul De Sac. Meanwhile, the groceries, minimarts, and department stores near the area are MTG, A & B General Merchandise, Mini Stop Mini Mart, Barangay Sun Valley Multi-Purpose Store, Carmona Grocery, and Shoe Mart Bicutan’s Department Store.
- The cemetery’s near the area are Sucat Cemetery and Catholic Cemetery.
- The waiting sheds in the area are located along Sta. Ana Drive, Lower Sta. Ana, and Sun Valley Drive.
- The mode of transportation in Sun Valley is through the use of tricycles. They have two tricycle terminals, the Sun Valley Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association in Sun Valley Drive, and the Edison Parañaque Operators and Drivers Association in Edison Avenue.
- They also make use of taxis, having one taxi terminal along Sun Valley Drive.
- Lastly, the members of the community also use privately owned vehicles as a means for transportation.
5. Lifestyle
- Some members of Sun Valley (such as those who belong to the lower class) live in a traditional lifestyle due to it’s small scale society and simple way of living. However, some members live in a modern lifestyle (such as those who belong in the middle class) as well due to their high technological advancements.
- The society here has a medium rate tempo of life since Sun Valley is not slow with no economic progress, but not quickly developing and progressing as well.
- Sun Valley has only one main road, which is Sun Valley Drive. All roads in the subdivision are cemented.
- Drainage systems are not maintained due to the fact that Sun Valley has the capacity to experience slight to severe flooding.
- Maynilad provides water for the whole subdivision and there are no interruptions. If so, these interruptions only happen when Maynilad gives warnings or announcements.
- Some households, specifically those who belong in the middle class, have televisions, radios, and other forms of technology.
- Sources of livelihood varies due to the presence of many infrastructures within the vicinity. These include shopping malls, factories, convenience stores, health clinics, and more.
- There are only a few natural resources in the area because Sun Valley is located in an urban area, therefore farms and other forms of agriculture are not common.
- There are abundant human resources because Sun Valley has many workers or labor force due to the fact that it has a high population and that it is, again, within the vicinity of many infrastructures.
- Moreover, there are an abundant amount of capital resources due to the many factories in the area, among which include Zuellig Pharma and Lamoiyan Corporation.
1. Family Structure
- Composition
- Families in Sun Valley consist of fathers, mothers, children, and elderly people.
- We interviewed Dr. Pocholo Madamba, one of the residents of Sun Valley, on his family or home structure. He lives with his wife, two children, his helper, his driver, and for around 3 – 4 months a year, he lives with his parents.
- Roles
- Mr. Madamba is and his wife are both paediatricians.
- Both of his children are students.
- Decision-making Process
- Each member of the family has their own say in what they do, but the parents or heads of the family are always followed and make the final decisions.
- Relationship of the Family
- The family is close-knit and gets together in celebrations and holidays such as Birthdays, Christmas, and New Year.
- Relationship to the Community
- The citizens of Barangay Sun Valley share good relationships and friendships with their neighbors and with the Barangay officials. They offer help to one another in times of need, creating a congenial and communicative residential area.
2. Political Structure
- Composition & Roles
- In Barangay Sun Valley, there is one Punong Barangay or Head of the Barangay, which is Daniel S. Santos. There are seven Barangay Kagawads, namely Edwin O. Budayao, Felipe B. Costas, Sr., Clodoveo P. Atienza, Rodolfo N. Cortez, Rolando U. Bitonio, Emelinda S. Garcia, and Gerardo N. Malolos. There is one Barangay Secretary, one Barangay Treasurer, and one Administrative Officer, which are Victor J. Atienza, Janet G. Alipalo, and Ruben R. Dino, respectively. Furthermore, there is a Sangguniang Kabataan within the Barangay, which consists of one SK Chairman and seven SK Kagawads. The SK Chairman is Marinelle P. Formentera, while the SK Kagawads are Reyner Halili, Jayson Rejuso, Deborah Versoza, Ronald Dino, Nikko Balbastro, Younghee Mabale, and Cherry Vista.
- Decision-making Process
- In making decisions, the barangay officials must consult with one another and propose solutions/ordinances that could help Sun Valley.
- Hearings about the proposed ordinances are held and this is where the different barangay officials can evaluate, discuss and raise their concerns.
- If the proposed ordinance would be approved, then they will announce it to the public.
- Relationship of Leaders & Members
- The barangay officials must ensure that they are doing their job correctly and that they are being fair to the people in the barangay that rely on them for help, such as informal settlers.
- The barangay officials must work and help one another in serving the community, so that they can fully fulfill their duties as leaders of the community and so that they can properly address the issues faced by the community.
- Role in the Community
- The barangay manages and addresses all concerns of the residents of Sun Valley. They organize all programs and implement all the ordinances within the barangay. They help maintain law and order in the community.
- Composition & Roles
- The Religious Structure is made up of religious organizations, parish youth organizations, religious congregations, and Catholic and Non-Catholic Churches.
- There are fifteen religious organizations in the area, namely Parish Pastoral Council, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Women’s League, Laus Deo Community, Adoracion Nocturna Filipina, Apostleship of Prayer, Legion of Mary (Senior Presidium), Marriage Encounter, Christian Family Movement, Couples For Christ (CFC), Handmaids of the Lord (HOLD), Singles For Christ (SFC), Catholic Lay Evangelization Program, Parish Renewal Experience (PREX), and El Shaddai. These religious organizations help in the conduction of religious activities, the management of places of worship, and also help in the formation of religious leaders, the establishment of a corpus of doctrine, and other responsibilities.
- Meanwhile, there are seven parish youth organizations, namely Catholic Youth Ministry, Legion of Mary, Knights of the Altar (KOA), Chiro Youth Movement, Youth for Christ (YFC), Kids for Christ (KFC), and Passionist Youth Organization (PAYO). These organizations guide young Catholics to live a Christian way of life from a young age.
- There are also four religious congregations, which are the Passionist Congregation, Franciscan Sisters of Our Lady of Victory, Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrow, and Holy Face Sister. Religious congregations are groups of men and women who has made a Christian commitment to live in a community and take lifelong vows of either poverty, chastity, or obedience. They commit their lives to serving God and live and work alongside the Church.
- There are also seven Catholic and ten Non-Catholic churches in the area, all of which are named in II. 3. Service Institutions. Churches are used in the community for public Christian worship.
- Decision-making Process
- The decisions are made by involving each member of Church, thus this leads to everyone’s satisfaction. In decision making, every member of the community is involved through voting, practicing democracy amongst the people in which everyone’s opinion and beliefs are heard before they make any decisions.
- Relationship of Leaders & Members
- The leaders and members of religious institutions in the community should have a healthy and united relationship. This is to ensure that they do their part in serving and providing religious services to the community.
- Role in the Community
- Having the Religious Structure in the barangay is important because every decision that any of the other structures make have to be supported by morals and values taught by religion. Basing the choices they make on the beliefs of the Church will make the community a better place.
- Religion and it’s Parochial council also manages the internal resources of the Church and where these are allocated.
- Composition & Roles
- Each school has a set of teachers, all of which come from DepEd. The role of the teachers is to pass on knowledge and facilitate the learning of the students.
- There is a Local School Board in each school to help manage the facilities, employees, and rules.
- Decision-making Process
- All decisions regarding education in Sun Valley are made by DepEd through observations of the employees in each school and through coordination with the Local School Board and the barangay.
- Relationship of Leaders & Members
- There exists a productive and prosperous relationship between DepEd, the Local School Board, the barangay, and the students and the leaders and members must maintain this with one another to create a harmonious and beneficial learning environment.
- Role in the Community
- The role of education in the community is vital for the development of one’s mind. Education allows one to learn more things and gain new insights, which is useful for succeeding in the future and contributing to the development of the society.
5. Economy
- Composition & Roles
- Labor Force: There are various kinds of workers in the community due to the many infrastructures and business in the area. Their role is to work with the owner of the business to further advance and improve the specific franchise/company.
- Entrepreneur/Owner: There are also numerous entreprenuers in the area again due to the many infrastructures and businesses. The role of the entrepreneurs is to manage and oversee everything in their business, as well as employ people into the labor force to work for their company.
- Decision-making Process
- All decisions are usually made by the owner, however it is important that the owner and its workers are united so that they can all achieve the aims and goals of their business. By being united, they can work better and have a triumphant business.
- Relationship of Leaders & Members
- Due to the numerous successful businesses in Sun Valley, it can be inferred that the relationship between the leaders and members of each business is exemplary. A healthy relationship between leaders and members in a business greatly reflects on the prosperity of the business.
- Role in the Community
- Businesses are essential to a community because these are what help our economy flourish. Businesses make use of our economic resources to produce more good and services, and these goods and services are what satisfy human wants and needs. Without businesses, there would be a severe scarcity of resources and also an increase in the unemployment rate of the country.
6. Different Organizations
- Organizations in Sun Valley
- There are 34 organizations in the subdivision, namely Barangay Sun Valley Day Care Parents Association, Sun Valley Tennis Club, Bantay Bayan Foundation, Inc. Sun Valley Chapter, Pinagsararong Bicolnon, Barangay Sun Valley Bantay Bata, Barangay Sun Valley Patrol 117 Volunteers, Kapatiran Samahan ng Mabubuting Samaritano – Sta. Ana, Cul De Sac Sun Valley Association Paranaque Inc., Samahan ng mga Nanay – Cul de Sac, Paranaque Ilonggo Association, Inc. Sun Valley Chapter, Samahang Magkakapitbahay sa Bukid Area, Guardians Internationa Brotherhood Foundation, Inc., Green Ladies of Cherry East, Sun Valley Gay Club, Kayumanggi Paranaque Inc., Sto. Nino Youth Club, Sta. Ana Youth, Movement. Sta. Ana Youth Zone 3, Manggahan Youth Organization, Brotherhood Youth Organization, Cherry East Youth Organization, Cherry East Youth Achievement Club, Sitio Bagong Pag-Asa Youth Organization, Villa Paraiso II Youth Club, Villa Paraiso Youth Organization, Riverside Youth Organization, Carnachile Youth Movement, Monville Youth Organization, Annex 41 Youth Organization, Ferrari Youth Club, Cul de Sac Youth Organization, Anak ng Palanyag, Sapang Maligaya Youth Organization, and Bukid Area Youth Movement.
- Role & Contribution to Community Development
- The role of these organizations is to empower individuals and groups to enhance and develop their skills in a particular field. These organizations also help in forming new relations or bonds with other people, resulting to unity in the community. It also broadens the knowledge and perspective of others on a certain topic.
- Vision, Mission, & Goals
- Each organization has a different set of goals, vision, & mission because they all want to achieve different things. Having a vision, mission, and goals in an organization is a path to sustainability because these set your aspirations for the organization and also establishes your dedication to it.
- Activities
- The activities done for each organization varies because each organization, again, has different goals. Each organization also has different skills to focus on.
- Leaders & Members
- The leaders of the organization should guide the members in reaching their goal. The leaders must make sure that the members are committed to the organization, and the members must make sure that they themselves will give their one hundred percent support and dedication to it. There must exist a healthy and unified relationship within the group so that all members are one towards achieving goals and learning new things to further improve the organization.
- Basis For Membership
- The usual basis for membership for an organization is through conducting an interview, by filling up a membership form, or by attending the tryouts.
C. Normative Aspects
1. Conflict Management
- Fires, Floods, and other calamities
- When these kinds of conflicts happen, the government or Barangay officials are the ones that offer assistance and help. They are equipped with disaster coordinating councils, standard operating procedures, and available personnel in case damages happen.
- Traffic
- Sun Valley experiences heavy traffic especially along the West Service Road due to the inefficient traffic schemes and the primitive roads in the area. This can be solved by coordinating and by cooperating with the traffic rules imposed by the Barangay.
- Pollution/Lack of Waste Management
- Pollution is also evident in Sun Valley, particularly in the purok areas, due to the many number of households and factories in the area. There are six-wheeler and ten-wheeler dump trucks in the area to manage the pollution.
- The mediators/arbiters when these issues arise are the several councils in the Barangay and also several Barangay employees, including but not limited to Barangay Tanods, Purok Officers, Day Care Workers, NGOs, and more.
2. Cultural Beliefs and Practices
- The occupation of the people varies due to the many infrastructures within the vicinity of Sun Valley.
- The fiestas celebrated in Sun Valley are
- The past time of people are spent in the parks, playgrounds, libraries, and sports facilities available in the area.
- For child birth, there are available operating procedures in the Sun Valley Health Center for this.
- Baptism and Marriage ceremonies can be done in the many Catholic churches located in Sun Valley.
- The courtship in Sun Valley does not differ from the usual courtship other Filipino communities are accustomed to.
- Curing the sick can be done or assisted by the government and also the different Church groups.
- Death rites are completed with assistance from the government.
- Sun Valley celebrates Christmas, New Year, All Souls Day, Holy Week, and other holidays like other communities. For Christmas & New Year, families and friends gather together and have a feast. All Souls Day requires visiting the cemetery for your loved ones who have passed away. Holy Week involves the assistance of the Church and activities such as Stations of the Cross, etc.
3. Historical Origin
- Barangay Sun Valley was created under Presidential Decree No. 1326 on April 3, 1978. Five different barangays, namely Sun Valley, Marimar, Monte Villa de Monsod, Sta. Ana, and Continental Village Subdivision, were detached and separated in order to form a distinct and independent barangay, known as Sun Valley.
III. Problems and Solutions Encountered By the Community
- The people of Sun Valley experience numerous political, environmental, and economic problems within their community. One of which is constant flooding due to typhoons and continuous rainfall. For the flooding in Barangay Sun Valley, the corresponding solution is the “Standard Operating Procedure In Case Of Flooding”. This operating procedure comes in three alert levels. When it is Alert Level 1, which means it is just slight flooding, the course of action is to make Barangay Officials survey the extent of the flooding and relay the message that there is flooding to nearby households, and have the option of closing gates. While for Alert Level 2, which means moderate flooding, the course of action is to evacuate the flood-affected families, then begin relief operations. Lastly for Alert Level 3, which means severe flooding, the course of action is, a full-scale evacuation of the affected areas to the evacuation sites, and full scale relief operations.
- Barangay Sun Valley also has high pollution due to the many households and informal settlers in the area, and also due to the many factories within the vicinity. To address these, the Barangay has six to ten wheeler dump trucks to properly collect the trash from each subdivision.
- Pollution and other factors also make the people of Sun Valley prone to many diseases. To prevent these, the Barangay has standard operating procedures in the Sun Valley Health Center, which is available to people if they need medical and dental consultation, pre-natal and post-natal check-up, or baby check-up and immunization.
- Lastly, overpopulation is evident in the Barangay. This is because some subdivisions or villages have over 1,000 households while some have less than 50 households, which is a bit unreasonable. To address these, the standard operating procedure in the Sun Valley Health Center also offers concerns regarding family planning, recording, reporting, and monitoring of households.
- Our interview with Dr. Pocholo Madamba also included the issues that they were experiencing in and around their area. On the political aspect, they encounter problems during elections and “…incumbent officials wanting to establish Public structures such as public schools, or public social institutes inside of the village which renders the village less ‘exclusive’ to some extent.” This due to the fact that the Village of Sun Valley belongs to Barangay Sun Valley, which also includes lower classes outside of the village. To address these problems, there have been many social media forums as well facilitated talks and bargaining to attain what is good both for the village and those who reside outside of the village but still belong to the Barangay.
IV. Analysis of the Community and Social Realities
Based on the information provided, we can observe that Barangay Sun Valley is an advantageous and competent residential area. It is a wide subdivision composed of many homeowners, both from the middle and lower class. It offers many service institutions such as churches, schools, parks, playgrounds, multi-purpose halls, factories, supermarkets, waiting sheds, and more. The area is rich in human and capital resources, but not so much in natural resources due to its urban setting. The major problems Sun Valley faces are slight to severe chances of flooding, traffic along the west service road, and a high number of informal settlers residing in the subdivision. These problems can all be addressed by proper management and coordination with the local government and the barangay.
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
In conclusion, Sun Valley is a thriving and developing environment. It is a suitable environment for family building because there are many different educational and religious institutions in the area. Not only that, this is a fitting area for starting small businesses because of the many consumers residing in the area, and because the area is rich in economic resources. The area also has many facilities, including waiting sheds and multi-purpose halls. The relationship of family, political, educational, religious, economical, and organizational structures are good, thus the whole subdivision has a stable and healthy relationship with one another.
Even though Sun Valley may be a good location for families and businesses, there is also much room for improvement. Based on the above data, Sun Valley has a number of mission areas, meaning that these people are not able to get a stable job, or an education to get a job. So an improvement would mean to increase job availability and at the same time improve the availability of education as well. Another thing to improve is security, in the community profile we noticed that there does not seem to be a police center or outpost in this barangay. For a community of this size, security must be larger in numbers because the larger the community the harder it is to keep protected. Lastly, it seems that in the flood operations, there is not enough motor vehicles at the disposal of the barangay. If there were to be a severe flooding in the depressed areas, the people there would not be able to evacuate immediately, which could be a possible threat.
